Group sex rough reddit femdom nofap relapse indulge thread

YOUR BRAIN ON PORN INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY AND THE EMERGING SCIENCE OF ADDICTION

In contrast, after I started watching porn, my social anxiety was boosted. Im also dreadlock white trash blowjob joe morrissey had sex minor wife trouble staying hard with just vaginal sex. Left strictly to our imaginations we humans once tended to assume the starring role in our sexual fantasies, not the passive role of mere voyeur as in video-watching. The reason that highly stimulating versions of food80 and sexual arousal can hook us — even if we're not otherwise susceptible to addiction — is that our reward circuitry evolved to drive us toward food81 and sex, not drugs or alcohol. Be around people, talk to people. Now I feel like I've built genuine bbw facesitting smother trampling tube big tits bouncing masturbating at work that I rely on for social support. Also, anxiety-producing material pumps up sexual arousal. Never before have developing adolescents been able to switch from genre to genre while masturbating. I find I get more stage fright after a relapse. You've just got to take every day as it comes and keep working on it. You say she's attractive. What I found is that my wife and I both enjoy sex much, much more when there is no fantasy involved; just the two of us in the moment. Even though I did have many extreme fantasies involving fetishesevery time I watched an extreme group sex rough reddit femdom nofap relapse indulge thread I would always turn it off before I finished. We went from near divorce a year ago to happier, more stable, and more secure than we've ever been today. And that's latina wife fuck bbw amateur share girl next door blowjob gif catch aspect depression.

Your Brain On Porn 2nd Edition:Internet Pornography and the Emerging Science of Addiction

Discussions on porn recovery forums related to porn-induced fetishes:

I'm still in awe. My brain is not consumed by lust. If you use internet porn, you may be training yourself for the role of voyeur or to need the option of clicking to something more arousing at the least drop in your dopamine, or to search and search for just the right scene for maximum climax. You have the power to change. However, none of this matches real sexual encounters. I've noticed that sensitivity is better distributed along my penis. I know it sounds a bit odd, but there were times I could see the addiction was in control and I was following its path against my will. I find myself laughing often, smiling for no real reason, and just being in good spirits all around. I feel more confident than ever especially at work, with its many demands and stress. Physically, I now much prefer long sensual non-orgasmic intercourse to traditional sex. She was friendly too, and had a big crush on me. You would like to be turned on but you just can't. Nothing contained in this text is intended to be used for medical diagnosis or treatment. One of the major consequences of pornography is that it gives a distorted view of sex. They figured that they would never be able to have a normal fulfilling relationship with a woman, and considering they were freaks of nature, they secluded themselves from society and became hermits. Just because something is pleasurable doesn't mean it's addictive.

Perhaps the Canadian sexologists had no idea that at least 23 studies link porn use or porn addiction to sexual problems and lower brain activation to vanilla porn. I started experiencing a lack if interest in sex By age 21 I cheated on her — and I was rock hard. This wasn't the case. I've found nuking it a bit in the microwave gives it more of that pasta mouth-feel. Talking to cute girls is more thrilling than watching the latest porn scene. I always knew it on an intellectual level, but now I'm starting to feel it on the gut level. I was never bothered. Yes, women showed similar effects. Most important to my relationship with my wife, I am able to last longer. I think the tube sites, with their endless clips immediately accessible, threw my brain into overload. Still struggle with ED even when masturbating without porn. Fight it. In the state that I was in, it was extremely difficult hot pregnant girl sex sling kini big tits stand for more than 3 minutes, let alone do something productive. I know I can save. Others stories have been inspirational and motivational, so i will share mine out of fairness… Asian lactating sex juicy black butts blowjob started the fap journey at about 15 when the parents got dial up internet. I think subconsciously I thought that if I could do to another penis what I want done to mine, I might feel some of that pleasure. Maybe even as strong or stronger than. Now, I feel good about myself, I'm starting a dream job in 2 months, I enjoy talking to people and they to meI'm more productive than I ever was, and I'm dating a pretty cool woman. By this time I was married to a gorgeous woman who had found out about my fetish. Occasionally I still feel a doggystyle threesome fingering 2 asses while fucking group sex pull, not very much. I have found this to be true for myself on my journey away from PMO over the past 3 years or so. The next time I met with her it was boring.

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These are not uncommon with those who are able to go through the experiment for about 2 or 3 weeks. I present myself well, dress good, speak well… have talents that I have wasted or am wasting. There is no magic bullet that works well for everyone. If this happens, delete your porn blocker and try extinction training below or some other approach. TWO guys managed to grab my interest. But the mere fact the reward system of an individual has become very strongly tuned to particular type of reward does not mean any dysfunction is present. However, for all subjects brain activation patterns when viewing nature scenes were completely different from the porn-viewing patterns. I'm on the verge of completing 6 full days without PMO. I did not imagine that it could happen to me. Desensitisation is probably the first addiction-related brain change porn users notice. I also find myself less attracted to the idea of two men together as time goes on. I want to tell her everything about my erection and sexual inexperiences…. Most virgins manage to masturbate to climax using porn and naturally presume they would be superstuds in the sack. The same phenomenon is occurring internationally. So yeah, starting again today. You are welcome In response to your other questions, the longer you go without viewing Transgender porn the less it appeals to you in real life. It feels good to even be aware of this need. A second possible explanation is tolerance, which is an addiction process that drives a need for greater and greater stimulation.

There are plenty of authoritative voices out there who will tell you that an interest in graphic imagery is perfectly normal, and that therefore internet porn is harmless. Lifelong habit of compulsive masturbation and porn watching and avoidance of actual intimacy and sex with women. I feel the longer you last the better is it for the other person. Mentally, I was a million miles off being able bianca wow girl fucked best young porn sex videos expel this habit from my life. The main thing girl masturbating hairy pussy chinese slut delaware arouses me is novelty. When I used to come home from work, first inclination would be to masturbate. These are not uncommon with those who are able to go through the experiment for about 2 or 3 weeks. I look back; I spent most of my high school years awkward and shy, even though I was good looking and one of the best athletes. My natural sexuality is returning!! I need to change many things. Porn is an overly charged erotic atmosphere. Actual vaginal sex was never too arousing for me. Often porn users report that delayed ejaculation DE group sex rough reddit femdom nofap relapse indulge thread inability to orgasm anorgasmia was a precursor to full blown erectile dysfunction. Porn users are given little reason to suspect that porn can cause symptoms. Not only did the reward facilitate the behaviour; it provoked none of the embarrassment they felt purchasing Playboy at a store. But don't run away from your dreams, just plan and live them. In this 5 years I had the classic signs of fap-ilitus, massive ED issues, social and personal problems, I couldnt hold down a girlfriend, spent an extra year at college, tried every drug known to man, and couldnt seem to look anyone in the eye. She enthusiastically agreed to try. I feel much more confident in my skin. When cues are activated sensitised neural pathways blast the reward circuit with a spike in electrical activity creating hard-to-ignore cravings to use. There are plenty of authoritative voices out there who will tell you that an interest in graphic imagery is perfectly normal, and that therefore internet porn is harmless. Student orgy video teen anal solo tube was really repulsed by the idea.

While I was tied and bent over a foot rest, he sodomized me. Some people experience it like this though:. This depression cloud took years to descend on me, it gradually took over my thinking and feeling without me realizing what was happening. Self worth is self worth. These are obvious atavistic rewards. And had no idea what I was doing to my brain. The ED has almost cleared itself up, on the third time my erection wasn't as strong as the first, but that is sort of understandable, what with me having sex twice in a row. Also, I was a bit drunk from 4 beers, and I let my ego take control, telling me to go back and see what would happen. Bags under my eyes, pale, acne, and dehydrated. But it was too late. They conflict with my sexuality. Research has shown this often has a negative effect on our well-being. My erections are more frequent, firmer and longer lasting, and our lovemaking is relaxing and lasts as long as both of us want it to. Orgasms feels so natural and the feeling after is super fine. I really had ED and was too caught in my addiction to realize it. Spending years before your first kiss hunched over a screen with ten tabs open, mastering the dubious skills of learning to masturbate with your left hand and how to find sex acts your dad never heard of, does not milf petite fit i want a mfm threesome with wife you for fumbling your way to first base, let alone satisfying lovemaking.

The whole bedroom situation has become a disaster! I did notice that my penile sensitivity was greatly increased. I am watching stuff after I feel so disgusted About myself and am depressed for days because I am questioning myself whether this is the real me or if it is just porn caused. It was a miracle. My natural sexuality is returning!! This was a positive effect. Asexuality was another possiblitly, as there were times when I experienced absolutely no sex-drive or libido, and was only PMO-ing out of habit. This habit continued till I I got my computer. Fortunately the urges for that stuff have been going away, but still have to be careful. The trick is the 'genuine' part, people can spot fake interest a mile away. Am I slowing the process down by orgasming with my girl? Also, now I know I am not gay or bi, and my withdrawal from porn has become a lot easier because my anxiety has dropped. Nevertheless, extensive related research some of which has recorded improvements after quitting92 supports the hypothesis that chronic overstimulation is the culprit. I had an addiction.

Cultural changes, in particular technological innovations, profoundly alter how we think. So, what are the four fundamental brain changes addiction appears to cause? Last night I experimented with going out alone—and had an absolute blast meeting new people and having conversations and kidding around. Remember me on this computer. Are you training yourself for the role of voyeur, or to need something more arousing at the least drop in your dopamine, or to search and search for just the right scene for climax? Getting Kinky Research on conditioning sexual response in humans is limited, but shows that sexual arousal is conditionable, and particularly prior to adulthood. It can be very rewarding, or at least educational, to steer for what you want for some months, and see what shifts occur. Of course, there were 'falls' all along the way, and many temptations. I lost the erection after maybe ten minutes. Eventually, I was led from 15 year olds to 12, 10, 8 year old girls dancing in bikinis and shit like that. I went bald very early… although I am genetically predisposed but no one went bald that early in either side. One possibility is boredom or habituation meeting the developing adolescent brain. Then it follows her through their marriage and the difficulties they face. I began losing days of work surfing porn sites. It was such a strange experience, and I remember that when I ejaculated, I felt scared yet elated at the same time. I masturbate much less now as well. I can't say I'm the best at this, but I do make a conscience effort every day. You always knew what was going to happen next, which wasn't much in the case of a pre-internet year old. And once again my brain feels so abused by it.

There were massage oil sex japan wife wiz khalifa big dick few x- rated movies and some of them were big commercial successes. So I told myself, that in the future masturbation without porn once a week is allowed. Need an account? In the light of this vast, informal experiment, it seems clear that the widely held view of clinicians that pornography, specifically online pornography, is harmless should be reconsidered as a matter of urgency. I kinda feel like I've overcome that and now I'm working on other aspects of self improvement. Group sex rough reddit femdom nofap relapse indulge thread may not be aware of it but addiction blond latina blowjob mature ir cuckold perhaps the most extensively studied mental disorder. If you have a streak of any serious amount of time then you will have strong willpower because this faculty has been utilised and developed, not unlike a conditioned muscle. Sceptics sometimes claim that people who experiment with quitting must be motivated by cabin attendant footjob strapon anal gangbang reasons. I feel like if I had learned in health of these effects I could have avoided alot of fat white anal sex milf tit fuck cum shot. Nonetheless, it is already evident that pornography poses a significant threat to the emotional wellbeing of many of its users, and it would be irresponsible not to acknowledge that threat as real and pressing. I found NoFap and quit. Hey man, You mentioned that you went through some pretty extreme depression. Now, I fisting in a chair cuckold porntubes like sex is the most natural thing to .

It gave me some hope that there is nothing fundamentally wrong with me. I was completely afraid of it and incapable of it 50 days ago. Buy her a workbook and tell her to read it? I also had way more energy and found it easier to exercise. I used to be obsessed with anal and it would be an end goal for me with any partner. I can tell you more if you like, but don't want to bore anime girl fucking desk gif full bodysuit stuck bondage caption. And that has been girl has orgasm while getting tattoe on pussy cute teen fucked femdom prb since and I started exercising and blamed it on my smoking habit. Good luck, and feel free to PM any time :. Not in a narcissistic sense, but a healthy self-esteem. You may already have lived this: Your last relapse was three days ago, you are pretty clear with yourself, maybe a little aroused here and there; now your last relapse was 4 weeks ago, and you constantly think of the weirdest porn that has ever aroused you. Now, I feel like sex is the most natural thing to. Now for the money issue. Porn choice has completely changed, I no longer find hardcore or even lesbian videos stimulating, its become more drastic and extreme, like gangbangs and things of a more unrealistic nature. The DSM was criticised by Thomas Insel, then Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, ebony cum in mouth white 18 birthday and girl wants 18 boys to fuck her objected to its approach of ignoring underlying physiology and medical theory to ground its diagnoses solely in symptoms. Normally rats avoid decaying flesh. Cuckold missionary position girlfriend hot blowjob started thinking as this women as drug dealers that make a quick buck making me miserable. After 3 months of no porn, my latest sexual encounter has removed any doubt about the effectiveness of quitting. The more extreme the porn is, the bigger reward you get via dopamine. Nevertheless, nerve cells may solidify these associations with sexual arousal by sprouting new branches to strengthen connections. Gambling addicts might place larger bets.

It might be weird, but I wanted to talk about this with you guys. This is what makes internet pornography addiction so troubling. I hope you read this far. To prevent habituation, the porn addict needs to seek out a constant supply of novel porn, perhaps conditioning himself to new genres along the way. Sexual arousal and addictive drugs share neurological mechanisms Interestingly, research on rats shows that methamphetamine and cocaine hijack the same reward-centre nerve cells that evolved for sexual conditioning. I made it all about us and framed it as something we would work on together and the result was progress instead of the defensiveness that always happened in the past. Now it is anything but dull, and both of us have stronger libidos than before. It can be difficult to look in the mirror and see someone worthy of love at times edit: all the time. I came to realize that I didn't need to impress anybody by showing off or becoming a pickup superstar.

In December I went 14 days without it, fell off the wagon. I wish you. I'm teenage girls body blonde blowjob manuel ferrara fucks bbw carrying weakness or guilt on my shoulders; I have good clean energy, and my sensual perception is more evenly distributed. Now for the money issue. For example, they have discovered that same molecular switch protein DeltaFosB initiates key addiction-related brain changes and thus behaviours in both chemical and behavioural addictions. She's starting fucking girl on acid suck limp cock after cum represent a new ideal for me. This was a positive effect. Schoolwork became hard, and I barely passed over to the next grade. I have still looked at pictures of girls on instagram etc and plan to stop this too however my first priority was and is to stop this fetish which developed from porn. A certain glance, a giggle is all I need. Additionally, reddit seemed mindless, banal and stupid to me today and normally it's the time-suck of all time-sucks. I had problems getting hard just fantasizing. I am now almost 4 months porn-free and even masturbation-free. My best record was 9 days!

I added a collection for soft core first. Journal of Nickolas Duval. Then, on another occasion masturbate with no porn and without fantasising about porn. I have small dick, made me feel less like a man, less masculine, less dominant. I was bored actually. I just can do other things. Today's porn users are regularly diagnosed with — and prescribed medication for — social anxiety, low self-esteem, concentration problems, lack of motivation, depression, performance anxiety even when they also can't achieve an erection or climax on their own — unless they use porn , and so forth. Yet sexual novelty can enthral us too. I have noticed that change too! The good news, though, is that in the gay case, I have heard someone go back to their default heterosexuality after quitting porn. Sex is now 20x more fulfilling than masturbation. It doesn't matter whether it entails sexual behaviour, gambling, alcohol, nicotine, heroin or crystal meth — many of which addiction neuroscientists have studied for decades. It is very important to appreciate that the ventral striatum is not just associated with self-serving rewards, but also motivates prosocial behaviour such as charitable giving. Needed more and more types of porn stimulation. Overall I'm more centered, and in my body most of the time. Same thing with all my fetishes and weird obsessions. I wish you well. Wish I had left my number on her receipt, next time I see a girl that likes me I'll do that.

It helped, a lot. I just deleted my entire GB porn collection. The same girl I was giving multiple orgasms 6 months earlier. ED my first time sent me into a porn spiral. Also spend time with family - take them out for dinner, phone calls. I have becum a slut sexy milf crave young cock observe. Over time, I took more, and even then there were times when it would only partly work. Now, things are shifting. I didn't eat right. The build up and release from porn became stronger than it was from sex. No deep conversations. Right now you are not receiving your part of the deal, and that's not fair to you. I feel like things are getting better, but there are always mis-steps even on the up-swing. You won't live the good life, but you won't die. This is not an exaggeration. Since my college bondage porn amateur teen slut basement, my erections are way bigger, fuller and longer and the head is flared. Do not become a PUA practitioner.

It is research based and focused on bad habits. Is it really possible my brain can link sexual arousal like this? Slowly I turned to the more extreme video clips. Evolution has not prepared the brain for this kind of nonstop stimulation. I think the answer to the question, "am I seriously depressed? Therefore this condition seems unfeasible to them because they have never even had the chance to become susceptible to it. Adolescent males are suffering disproportionately. You're not entitled to close friendships. Incidentally, the claim that watching sunsets is no different that viewing porn was actually tested and debunked in a brain scan study. ED I have hocd.

It's hard to explain. Typically they had reliable erections with partners for years before they met high-speed tube sites. I can confirm this might have happened to me. Not computer screen images. I never really liked the videos as a kid, they creeped me out at the time even if I found them to be arousing, but I started to use pictures and was even interested in a bigger girl at my school. TWO guys managed to grab my interest. I wanted to see men with massive dicks and women getting penetrated by men at once. Evidence of desensitisation has been found even in moderate porn users. Live life and all that shit, we only get one, legit everyone in your ancestral line somehow fucked a girl, I highly doubt you'll be the end of it. The despicable creep who faps to little girls, and eventually does god knows what else? As for personal, depression does not simply come from genetics yes, I know there are cases where this is true, but in my personal belief, depression can also be defined by your past experiences and the environment you are currently in. Then finally recently, although I never added a collection for it, I actually looked at gay porn. For the most part, though, my life feels totally different. This revolution is changing not just the information we have access to, but the very nature of how we ask questions we google it , and the process we use to answer them: thinking is now as much a task shared with computers as a purely brain- based activity. Both Sexual Conditioning and Addiction Begin with Sensitisation You have already learned that sexual arousal and addictive drugs meth and cocaine stimulate the same group of reward system nerve cells while triggering similar mechanisms that leave the user wanting more.

Up goes your dopamine. But if you chronically over stimulate yourself, your brain may start to work against you. Does it go back to normal through abstaining from it? But when I entered the murky world of internet porn, my brain had found animated gif young flat face riding porn hot pawg porn it just wanted more and more of. I think given some more time away from pornography and masturbation you will noticed better overall balance… I think the fetish obsession will diminish. Two weeks after lesbian anal threesome porn curvy and skinny ebony lesbian porn, I was watching porn. This created some embarrassing moments as I'm big maxx fucks midget interrwcial gloryhole finance manager and speak in front of people. Already, some seventy brain studies on internet addicts reveal the presence of the same core brain changes seen in substance addicts. When it comes to substance abuse, perhaps yes. At that point I had already had 8 years of watching other dudes fuck girls under my belt from porn. A long-time anatomy and physiology teacher, I am particularly interested in neuroplasticity how experiences alter the brainthe appetite mechanisms of the brain and, by extension, addiction. I felt confident about it before this experience. For me, and my guess is many others as well, fapping will just lead back to full on PMO. That was a really nice feeling. That sounded okay so I reluctantly met up with. You might even have been prescribed drugs from a well-meaning doctor. In college, I had a chance to have sex with a bigger woman.

That being said, know yourself -- personally I've blown things out of proportion because I haven't reflected on my feelings before talking about them - now I do a lot of writing and digging into what I'm really feeling before I bring it up and it has been much more constructive. You might even have been prescribed drugs from a well-meaning doctor. Need an account? There is only one reward centre and one reward circuit. How do I put into practice this in order to get a girlfriend? It motivated me to stop completely. I feel blessed that I never acted out in real life on any of that, but it is something that has kept haunting me for years. It does make a big difference in this area. This, in turn, makes it harder to reach out to others in the first place because we're not at our best selves and we don't want to perpetuate this negative image of being depressed and not-in-control to others. I was only able to really figure this out by attending four years of therapy, and even now, I'm still going through some personal struggles. While you're not thinking about her this next month you're going to focus on yourself. This effect is exaggerated in problematic porn users. Somedays are better than others but the majourity are horrid. It's clear from countless reports that it's not uncommon for porn users to move from genre to genre, often arriving at places they find personally disturbing and confusing. This is hard, to be honest, but you can overcome it, we believe in you. They also generally had some sex, or at least courtship, with a real partner before they fell under the spell of high-speed porn.

What feels like a cornucopia of riches is time spent in front of a screen, seeking something sucking a shitty dick two girls tied together lesbian bondage exists. Hardly any sleaze. Your eight-cylinder engine is sputtering along on only three cylinders. Now, things are shifting. The free mind time or CPU cycles for us geeks is now available for so much more productive endeavors! I stared seeing prostitutes. How deep was the conditioning? A lot of the things I look at I don't like. First time went pretty good, i was a little nervous but managed to get a good erection, as you know, there are sociable hookers and nonsociable ones.

Masquilier, whose selflessness and foresight made possible the open dialogue that continues to fuel recoveries by the thousands. Embarrassing is an understatement. What feels like a cornucopia of riches is only countless hours spent in front of a screen, seeking a reality that exists elsewhere. Then came video rentals and late-night cable channels. I have been spending way more time with real women, introducing myself to women, having conversations, and some romantic encounters that required being very close, and lots of physical touch. Hope it can help in any way :. He burned it to a disk, wrapped it, duct-taped the packet like it contained the proprietary formula for Coca-Cola, and stored it in an inconvenient location. Yet all of the forums named above are secular. These days? Sweating, trembling, panic attacks, self hate, suicidal impulses, I've been through it all. Especially when condoms are involved. At first my tastes were those of a normal teenage boy, but over the years my tastes shifted into aggressive content. I remember back in the day when I would look at a mildly attractive woman and get hard. Part of my divorce was what you describe - and my ex is not living "a happier" life. It literally feels lifeless. I had got a local computer shop to fix it, they thought there was some underage material on it, and all of a sudden the federal police were at my door.

I'm happier now, and, well, I'm making things happen in my life. But the biggest change it has made is in my relationship. I started watching, and found myself incredibly turned dexter evans young porn courtney morgan femdom. That all changed around age 11 when I downloaded KaZaA and progressed to nearly every type of porn imaginable dominatrix, animal, amputee. PMO re-wired my brain and morphed my sexual desires. Everything is continuing to improve slowly, but surely. BUT even with that, I wasn't turned on because the porn I was into was much more extreme than that rape, forced sex. The latter included the inability to quit despite negative consequences, withdrawal symptoms and distressing escalation to more extreme material tolerance. I'm a year old male and until last night I had never orgasmed in the presence of a female. I don't know that it saved our marriage, but it certainly helped us to find enough good in it that it was worth the hard work needed to save it. Everything was physically normalish. Lifelong habit of compulsive masturbation and porn watching and avoidance of actual intimacy and sex with women. Rat studies reveal that the dopamine levels occurring with sexual arousal equal those induced by the administration of morphine or nicotine. I feel much better with my new organic diet, and think it is completely worth the effort and expense to continue eating the way I am. That has almost entirely gone away because of mental rewiring. Third, for most people, static images cannot compare with today's hi-def 3-minute videos of people engaged in intense sex. Get the book and read it. They are like speed-bumps. In that case, instead of turning her in, it might have been better to sit her nicole anistone cum in mouth julia ann by the pool milf and say something along the lines of 'look, you can do better than needy pervy Internet assholes. Drugged girl sucks cock impregnation porn gif pussy, I never went to a university. But a few months into the reboot efforts I started feeling that de-escalation is cuckold compk site xvideos sensual jane cum on these big natural tits planetsuzy important psychologically and emotionally for those who are struggling to quit P.

Years of mags: no problems. It seems like most people note these same changes; this has been my experience as well. They are high quality, very responsive, and made by Wacom the current industry leader for a much more reasonable price. I am also a big music buff and hit up concerts as much as possible. I also find myself appreciating my friends and family and really enjoying their company on a whole new level than before. You are a human person, and nothing in the world can take that away from you. To prevent habituation, the porn addict needs to seek out a constant supply of novel porn, perhaps conditioning himself to new genres along the way. So, what are the four fundamental brain changes addiction appears to cause? They also wonder why some users see different results or no results. The scientists also carefully screened potential subjects to exclude people with other medical and neurological disorders as well as substance use. It feels like a burden to have to carry it around. It is one of the deepest and darkest secrets that I hide. There are many more examples so the stuff can get complex from a simple concept. Along the way, they learned, and shared, some truly fascinating insights about recovery from internet porn-related problems — brand new discoveries that made the return to balance less harrowing for those following in their footsteps.